Spinal cord injury leads to loss of innervation of skeletal muscle, decreased motor function, and significantly reduced load on skeletal muscle, resulting in atrophy. Factors such as braking, hormone level fluctuation, inflammation, and oxidative ...

Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are a commonly utilized treatment for lumbosacral radicular pain caused by intervertebral disc herniation or stenosis. Although effective in certain patient populations, ESIs have been associated with serious complications, ...

Obse patients have greater intra-operative blood loss, more complications and longer duration of surgery but pain and functional outcome are similar to non-obse patients. Based on these results, ob*sity is not a contraindication to lumbar spinal fusion.